Some foreign words with variation between /æ/ and /ɒ/, however, e.g. Most Canadians also have the father-bother merger. In Standard Canadian English, there is no distinction between horse and hoarse. The latter set of words often distinguishes Canadian from American pronunciation. Words such as origin, Florida, horrible, quarrel, warren, as well as tomorrow, sorry, sorrow, generally use the sound sequence of FORCE, rather than START. A striking feature of Atlantic Canadian speech (in the Maritime Provinces and Newfoundland) is a nucleus that approaches the front region of the vowel space it is accompanied by a strong rhoticity ranging from to. As with Canadian raising, the advancement of the raised nucleus can be a regional indicator. The standard pronunciation of /ɑr/ (as in start) is, as in General American, or perhaps somewhat fronted as. Some speakers may not exhibit the merger, especially older speakers and those living in rural areas or in the Prairies. The merger has existed in Canada for several generations. Speakers with the merger often fail to hear the difference when speakers without the merger, such as General American and Inland Northern American English, pronounce the vowels. Few Canadians distinguish the vowels in cot and caught, which merge as (more common in Western and central Canada) or (more common in the Maritimes and eastern mainland Canada in which it can even be fronted). Low-Back Merger Īlmost all Canadians have the cot–caught merger, which also occurs primarily in the Western United States but also often elsewhere in the country, especially recently. In Victoria, where the historical distinction between post-coronal /ju/ and /u/ is often maintained, the latter may be so front as to gain a -like onglide. Unlike most Northern American English, /u/ is generally fronted in Canadian English. In addition, some younger speakers front and lower /ʊ/. That said, fronted pronunciations of /oʊ/ may exist for some younger speakers. oʊ/ usually remains backed, unlike the fronted values found in the South, the Midland or California. The onset of unraised /aʊ/ is usually low central, though it may be fronted before nasals. The phonemes /oʊ/ (as in boat) and /eɪ/ (as in bait) behave as monophthongs phonologically, and are often pronounced as such, especially in the Prairie Provinces.Vowel length is a secondary phonemic feature of tense vowels in Canadian English, with the lowered variant of /ɛ/ and the tense variant of /æ/ being distinguished entirely by length for some speakers.Note that /ɒ/ and /ɔ/ are indistinguishable and that /æ/ and /ɛ/ are very open. averaged F1/F2 means for speakers from Western and Central Canada. Phonetics and phonology īased on Labov et al. It is further defined by both of the phenomena that are known as Canadian raising (which is found also in British Columbia and Ontario): the production of /oʊ/ and /aʊ/ with back starting points in the mouth and the production of /eɪ/ with a front starting point and very little glide that is almost in the Canadian Prairies.
A subset of the dialect geographically at its central core, excluding British Columbia to the west and everything east of Montréal, has been called Inland Canadian English. In particular, Standard Canadian English is defined by the cot–caught merger to ( listen) and an accompanying chain shift of vowel sounds, which is called the Canadian Shift. Canadian English has a mostly uniform phonology and much less dialectal diversity than neighbouring American English. Standard Canadian English is the largely homogeneous variety of Canadian English that is spoken particularly across Ontario and Western Canada, as well as throughout Canada among urban middle-class speakers from English-speaking families, excluding the regional dialects of Atlantic Canadian English. Problems playing this file? See media help.
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